YEAR 11 geography (general)
environments at risk - coral reefs

Source: Reef World Foundation

This guide has been designed to support the Environment at Risk Depth Study task.
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If you have any problems with these resources or need further help, please contact Mrs Bakitch.

General information about coral reefs | | Human impact on coral reefs | Solutions

General information about coral reefs

•  Batema, Cara. (2022). The major biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem of the Great Barrier Reef. https://sciencing.com/the-major-biotic-abiotic-components-of-the-ecosystem-of-the-great-barrier-reef-12071465.html

• Coral Reef Alliance. (n.d.). Coral reefs 101. https://coral.org/en/coral-reefs-101/

• Great Barrier Reef​. (2020). https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Barrier-Reef ​

• Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. (n.d.). Animals. https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/the-reef/animals 

• Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. (n.d.). Reef facts​. https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/the-reef/reef-facts 

• Hook, C. (2000). Coral reefs. Macmillan Library.
  

• Hutchings, P., Kingsford, M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (Eds.). The Great Barrier Reef: biology, environment and management. CSIRO Publishing.

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• Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. (n.d.). Education portal. https://www.livingoceansfoundation.org/education/portal/

                      This website includes information about abiotic factors under environmental conditions.

• Pyers, G. (2010). Biodiversity of coral reefs. Macmillan Library.

Human impact on coral reefs

• Great Barrier Reef Foundation. (n.d.). Threats. https://www.barrierreef.org/the-reef/threats 

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• Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. (n.d.). Reef health. https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/the-reef/reef-health 

• Great Barrier Reef outlook report 2019. (2019). Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 

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• Healey, J. (Ed.). (2018). Saving the Great Barrier Reef. Spinney Press. 
  

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• Murphy, J. (2011). Great Barrier Reef under threat. Macmillan Library.
  

Climate change

• Great Barrier Reef has lost half of its corals since 1995. (2020, October 14). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-54533971 ​

• Hughes, L., Steffen, W., & Rice, M. (2016). Australia's coral reef under threat from climate change. https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/uploads/e3449c5187f7100528cc90c380993381.pdf ​

• World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.). Effects of global warming on our oceans. https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/oceans/effects-of-global-warming-on-our-oceans#gs.zm53t0 ​

Coral bleaching

• ARC Centre of Excellence. (n.d.). Coral bleaching and the Great Barrier Reef. https://www.coralcoe.org.au/for-managers/coral-bleaching-and-the-great-barrier-reef 

• Hannam, P. (2020, November 26). Fourth mass coral bleaching event in six years feared by experts. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/experts-fear-fourth-mass-coral-bleaching-event-in-six-years-20201126-p56i2h.html ​

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). What is coral bleaching? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html 

• Pratchett, M., & Lough, J. (2016). Coral bleaching taskforce: more than 1,000km of the Great Barrier Reef has bleached. https://theconversation.com/coral-bleaching-taskforce-more-than-1-000-km-of-the-great-barrier-reef-has-bleached-57282 ​

• Pueschel, M. (2019). Coral bleaching. https://australian.museum/get-involved/amri/lirs/coral-bleaching/ ​

• Readfearn, G., & Morton, A. (2020, March 25). Great Barrier Reef suffers third mass coral bleaching event in five years. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/25/great-barrier-reef-suffers-third-mass-coral-bleaching-event-in-five-years ​

• Reef Resilience Network. (n.d.). Bleaching impacts. https://reefresilience.org/stressors/bleaching/bleaching-impacts/ 

• Slezak, M., & Timms, P. (2020, April 7). Great Barrier Reef found to be coral bleached from north to south for first time. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-07/great-barrier-reef-most-widespread-coral-bleaching-on-record/12107054 

Marine pollution

• Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. (n.d.). Land-based run-off. https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-work/threats-to-the-reef/declining-water-quality 

• World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.). Marine pollution. https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/oceans/marine-pollution#gs.zm56pv ​

• World Wildlife Fund & Griffith University. (2020). Chemical pollution on the Great Barrier Reef. https://www.wwf.org.au/ArticleDocuments/353/WWF_Chemical_pollution_on_the_Great_Barrier_Reef.pdf.aspx?OverrideExpiry=Y 

Overfishing

• Coral Reef Alliance. (2005). Coral reefs and exploitative fishing. https://coral.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/exploitivefishing.pdf 

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2021). How does overfishing threaten coral reefs? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral-overfishing.html 

• Reef Resilience Network. (n.d.). Overfishing and destructive fishing threats. https://reefresilience.org/stressors/local-stressors/overfishing-and-destructive-fishing-threats/ 

• World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.). Overfishing. https://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/oceans/overfishing#gs.zm2ghp ​

Solutions

• Al Jazeera English. (2017, May 7). Saving the coral reef [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1r5uwEFFN0&t=182s ​

• Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. (n.d.). Managing and protecting the Great Barrier Reef. https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/gbr/protecting-the-reef ​

• Gibbens, S. (2020). Scientists are trying to save coral reefs. Here’s what’s working. https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/06/scientists-are-trying-to-save-coral-reefs-heres-whats-working ​

• Horstman, M. (Producer). (2016). Coral bleaching [Video]. ABC. 

• Reef & Rainforest Research Centre. (2018). Cots control program. https://www.rrrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RRRC-COTS-Control-2018.pdf ​

• Thurber, R. V., & Burkepile, D. (2016). How fish and clean water can protect coral reefs from warming oceans. https://theconversation.com/how-fish-and-clean-water-can-protect-coral-reefs-from-warming-oceans-60434 ​

• Vince, G. (2020, October 18). Why there is hope that the world’s coral reefs can be saved. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/17/why-there-is-hope-that-the-worlds-coral-reefs-can-be-saved 

• Warne, K. (2018). Can new science save dying coral reefs? https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/great-barrier-reef-restoration-transplanting-corals 

• World Wildlife Fund. (2017). Cutting water pollution to save the Great Barrier Reef. https://www.wwf.org.au